In a newspaper article the well-known Industrialist Anand Mahindra wondered why Indians are not ambitious but always cautious. He said that Indians like 'technology transfer' rather be technology pioneers. He was writing about lukewarm response by Indian government to scale-up and commercialise solar power technology which holds promise of energy security and energy availability all over India. He suggested R & D effort through private-public participation for solar energy.
Solar power.
Solar Thermal Electricity Generation (STEG) technology, he says, is a simple technology that consists of curved mirrors that concentrate sunlight onto a receiver tube to heat a working fluid flowing through it. The remaining part of the plant is very similar to a conventional power plant.
A 50-MW plant would save around 90-120 million kg of greenhouse gas emissions and the energy payback is five months with a useful life of 25 years. This technology provides "firm" power and allows plants to dispatch power when demanded. It can also work in a hybrid mode enabling solar heat to be backed by co-firing with natural gas or coal. Waste heat from the combined generation of heat and power can be used for industrial applications, district heating and cooling and sea-water desalination. The experts are of the opinion that just 0.3 percent of India's land area for solar power could meet all electricity needs of the country.
The big hitch is the cost. It costs between Rs.7.50 and Rs.17 per kWh to generate electricity through STEG while it is just Rs.1.40 for certain coal-based plants. However, diesel power costs Rs.17/kWh without subsidy and we have 20,000 MW of diesel power used as back-up power by industry. The US Department of Energy estimates that the cost of power generation by STEG would come down to Rs.1.50-2.50 /kWh in the next 15 years. USA and Spain are taking the lead in commercializing this technology.
While some countries which receive half the sunlight that India gets are going ahead with research on this technology, India has "a timid and incremental policy support", Mahindra observes. The MNES ( Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources) incentive scheme provides a maximum incentives of Rs.10 per kWh to STEG plants provided these plants are in the 1-5 MW range when it is cost-effective in more than 50MW range. " This is a nice gesture, but it can hardly be said to open the floodgates for speedy development", he sarcastically comments, and adds, " We are not ambitious enough". Yes, indeed! 'Thinking small' has been the bane of India since its socialist days ! We have still to get over it.
India is endowed with abundant sunshine ( 250-300 days in a year) and a 1,70,000 sq.km desert which is a natural energy generator waiting to be harnessed, says entrepreneur Anand Mahindra, and adds, " What on earth are we waiting for ? The time is ripe for a public-private partnership to help this technology – and India – attain its place under the sun." And then adds, " Let's not revert to our pre-reform avatar, and wait for a beneficent western power to find the solutions, and then go round with a begging bowl for 'technology transfer'".
High price of thermal and nuclear power.
We always take the easy way out – buy the technology from other countries or resort to what is called, ' re-engineering'. We do not look at the other way, the hard way – research and development leading to innovation. We do not want to develop our own resources – solar energy and other non-conventional energy sources which are abundantly available in our country. We want to depend on other countries and then complain about the price fixed by various cartels. The price of crude oil which had gone up to $ 147 per barrel has now hovering around $ 80 which can again go up after the melt-down in he world economy and the growth of all developing countries, especially China and India. Nuclear power may not be cheaper as the price of uranium has also gone up – from $20 to $ 85 per kg in the last three years, says Dr.P.K.Iyengar, former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission. Problem of radiation, accidents and disposal of nuclear waste are also there.
Why not encourage indigenous technology ?
We boast about our IITs and IIMs and how graduates from these institutions have brought laurels to India but enriched USA and other countries. A research report by Vivek Wadhwa of the Pratt School of Engineers(USA), who is himself a co-founder of two start-ups, states that Indian immigrants created 450,000 jobs and $52 billion in sales in 2005. Immigrant entrepreneurs founded 25% of US engineering and technology companies in the decade 1995-2005 and 26% of this is by Indians.
We have innovators in our villages as well. Anil K.Gupta of the National Innovation Foundation has created a knowledge bank of 75,000 innovations and practices of little-known pioneers living in towns and villages. We have innovators everywhere but their expertise and talents have not been encouraged and used for nation-building.
Indians of yore have invented zero, chess and many other things in art and architecture, science and medicine.
Creativity and innovation.
Where are Indian innovations ? Why Indians are not creative today ? Is the economic and political environment is not conducive ? The very fact that so many engineering and medical graduates had to migrate to developed countries is an indication of the not-so-conducive atmosphere in the country. Even industry had to wait for P.V.Narasimha Rao and Dr.Manmohan Singh to liberate industry from the permit-license raj. Now the time has come to liberate IIMs and IITs from the strangle-hold of the government of the day and encourage R & D both in the private sector and the public sector. Both are national sectors as both have money from the public and should be accountable to the public. Let hundred flowers bloom and hundred schools of thought contend. We have to encourage IIT graduates to work on Indian problems and find Indian solutions.
We have floods and droughts at the same time in different parts of the country. We have yet give serious thought to solve this recurring problem. Of course we have many dams and hydro-power projects. But in many parts of India all that we do every year is to provide relief and temporary shelter. According to newspaper reports breach of river embankments have taken place in Bihar in 1963, 1968, 1971, 1980, 1984, 1987, 1991 and now in 1998. Every year North Bihar has floods in an area of 9 lakh hectares and 80 lakh people are affected even in a normal year. Flood in Brahmaputra is an annual event. Almost all rivers are in flood just now. Network of canals and inter-linking the rivers may provide an answer. At least we can start with a few.
We see monsoon waters draining into the sea and later during the summer, we have the problem of water in all coastal regions. How to harness this water, there is no answer with the government. Rain-water harvesting in large scale has not been explored in these regions. It has well-said that the next war would be fought for water. Water is really manna from heaven which is being thrown away in many parts of the country while many in other parts die in thirst.
Thousands of farmers, especially cotton farmers, commit suicide but we have only one answer – debt waiver, that too partial. What about diversification of crop and supplementary income from dairy farming and poultry farming? Educate the farmers and the poor to empower them.
Need for a think-tank.
Our problems are big but our human resources are bigger. If we can overcome food-grains shortage with a Green Revolution, send satellites into space and develop nuclear weapons, we can also find solution to energy problem, use the monsoon waters efficiently and find a solution to recurring floods and droughts. It requires a vision and a plan of action. We have to be ambitious and bold. Bold is beautiful too.
Let the planning commission be a think-tank and produce papers and notes on some of the persistent economic issues of the country and lead discussion sessions to bring about a consensus. We can overcome all these problems. 'Harvest the human resources and reward the entrepreneurship' should be our mantra.
October 17,208
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